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Termites are eusocial insects which are categorized in the taxonomic rank of infraorder Isoptera, or as epifamily Termitoidae within the cockroach order Blattodea. Termites were once classified in a separate order from cockroaches, but recent phylogenetic studies indicate that they evolved from close ancestors of cockroaches during the Triassic.

Approximately 3,106 species are currently described, using a few hundred more left to be described. Although these insects are often called"white ants", they're not ants. .

Like ants and a few bees and wasps in the separate order Hymenoptera, termites split labour among castes consisting of sterile male and female"workers" and"soldiers". All colonies have fertile men called"kings" and one or more fertile females called"queens". Termites mostly feed on dead plant material and cellulose, generally in the kind of wood, leaf litter, soil, or animal dung.

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Termites are among the most successful groups of insects on Earth, colonising many landmasses except Antarctica. Their colonies range in size from a couple hundred individuals to enormous societies with many million individuals. Termite queens have the longest lifespan of any insect in the world, with some queens allegedly living up to 30 to 50 years.

Colonies are described as superorganisms because the termites form a part of a self-regulating entity: the colony itself. .

Termites are a delicacy in the diet of several human cultures and are used in many traditional medicines. A couple hundred species are economically significant as pests which can cause considerable damage to buildings, crops, or plantation forests. Some species, such as the West Indian drywood termite (Cryptotermes brevis), are regarded as invasive species. .

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The infraorder name Isoptera comes from the Greek words iso (equivalent ) and ptera (winged), which refers to the nearly equivalent size of their fore and hind wings.2"Termite" derives from the Latin and Late Latin word termes ("woodworm, white ant"), altered from the influence of Latin terere ("to rub, wear, erode") by the earlier word tarmes.

The external appearance of this giant northern termite Mastotermes darwiniensis is indicative of their close relationship between termites and cockroaches.

Termites were formerly put in the order Isoptera. As early as 1934 suggestions were made they were closely linked to wood-eating cockroaches (genus Cryptocercus, the woodroach) dependent on the similarity of their symbiotic gut flagellates.6 In the 1960s additional evidence supporting that theory emerged when F. A. McKittrick noted similar morphological traits between a number of termites and Cryptocercus nymphs.7 In 2008 DNA analysis from 16S rRNA sequences8 supported the position of termites being nested within the evolutionary tree containing the sequence Blattodea, which included that the cockroaches.910 The cockroach genus Cryptocercus stocks the strongest phylogenetical similarity with termites and is considered to be a sister-group to termites.1112 Termites and Cryptocercus share similar morphological and societal features: for example, most cockroaches do not display societal attributes, but Cryptocercus takes good care of its own young and displays other social behaviour such as trophallaxis and allogrooming.13 Termites are regarded as the descendants of the genus Cryptocercus.914 Some researchers have suggested that a more conservative measure of retaining the termites since the Termitoidae, an epifamily within the cockroach sequence, which preserves the classification of termites at family level and below.15 Termites have long been accepted to be closely associated with cockroaches and mantids, and they're categorized in the same superorder (Dictyoptera).1617.

The earliest unambiguous termite fossils date to the early Cretaceous, but given the diversity of Cretaceous termites and early fossil records showing mutualism between microorganisms and such insects, they probably originated before in the Jurassic or Triassic.181920 Further evidence of a Jurassic origin is that the assumption that the extinct Fruitafossor consumed termites, judging from its morphological similarity to modern termite-eating mammals.21 The earliest termite nest discovered is thought to be from the Upper Cretaceous in West Texas, in which the oldest known faecal pellets were discovered.22 Claims that termites emerged earlier have confronted controversy.

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Weesner indicated that the Mastotermitidae termites may go back to the Late Permian, 251 million years ago,23 and visit their website fossil wings which have a close resemblance to the wings of Mastotermes of their Mastotermitidae, the toughest living termite, have been discovered in the Permian layers in Kansas.24 it's even possible that the first termites emerged during the Carboniferous.25 The folded wings of the fossil wood roach Pycnoblattina, arranged in a convex pattern between segments 1a and 2a, resemble those seen in Mastotermes, the only living insect with exactly the same pattern.24 Krishna et al., though, consider that each one of the Paleozoic and Triassic insects tentatively classified as termites are in fact unrelated to termites and should be excluded from the Isoptera.26 The crude giant northern termite (Mastotermes darwiniensis) exhibits numerous cockroach-like characteristics that are not shared with other termites, like laying its eggs in rafts and having anal lobes on the wings.27 Cryptocercidae and Isoptera are united in the clade Xylophagidae.28 Termites are sometimes known as"white ants" but the only resemblance to the ants is due to their sociality that's due to convergent evolution2930 with termites being the first social insects to evolve a caste system more than 100 million years ago.31 Termite genomes are generally relatively large compared to that of other insects; the first completely sequenced termite genome, of Zootermopsis nevadensis, which was published in the journal Nature Communications, consists of approximately 500Mb,32 while two subsequently published genomes, Macrotermes natalensis and Cryptotermes secundus, are considerably larger at around 1.3Gb.3330.